Billing and Payment¶
In Greenfield, users are required to pay two different types of fees:
- Firstly, every transaction will require gas fees to pay the Greenfield validator to write the metadata on-chain as described in Gas and Fee part.
- Secondly, the Storage Providers (SPs) charge the users for their storage service. Such payment also happens on the Greenfield.
The storage service fee will be charged on Greenfield in a steam payment style like Superfluid.
Storage Service Fee¶
There are two kinds of storage service fees in Greenfield: object storage fee and data package fee.
For storage, every object stored on Greenfield is charged at the price calculated by size, replica numbers, a base price ratio, and other parameters. Once the object is stored, the total charge of storage will be mainly only related to time and the base price.
The storage fee calculation is:
Storage Fee = sum(ChargedSize) * (PrimaryStorePrice + SecondaryStorePrice*SecondarySPNumber) * (1+Validator Tax Rate) * ReserveTime
Users are granted a free, time-based quota for downloading data, with each bucket corresponding to a set of their objects. If the quota is exceeded, users can upgrade their data package to obtain an additional quota. The price for each data package is fixed for a certain period (unless the read price has been changed and the user takes some actions to reflect the price change), during which users will only be charged based on the amount of time they spend downloading and the package price. This charging scheme remains in effect until the user modifies their data package settings.
The download quota fee calculation is:
Download Quota Fee Fee = ChargedReadQuota * ReadPrice * (1 + Validator Tax Rate) * ReserveTime
Global Virtual Group Family & Global Virtual Group¶
For storage fees, it will be not streamed to storage providers directly. It will be streamed to:
- Global Virtual Group Family’s virtual funding address for data package fee and primary sp’s object storage fee
- Global Virtual Group’s virtual funding address for all secondary sp’s object storage fee
- Validator tax pool for extra tax fee (e.g. 1%), which will be used for rewarding data availability challenge submitters.
When storage providers want to get their income, they can withdraw from Global Virtual Group Family and Global Virtual Group they are in. The validator tax pool cannot be controlled via any private key, and is used for challenge reward.
Payment Account¶
By default, the object owner’s address will be used to pay for the objects it owns. But users can also create multiple “payment accounts” and associate objects to different payment accounts to pay for storage and bandwidth.
The address format of the payment account is the same as normal accounts. It’s derived by the hash of the user address and payment account index. However, the payment accounts are only logical ones and only exist in the storage payment module. Users can deposit into, withdraw from, and query the balance of payment accounts on the Greenfield blockchain, but users cannot use payment accounts to perform staking or other on-chain transactions. Payment accounts can be set as “non-refundable”. Users cannot withdraw funds from such payment accounts.
Paymaster¶
Besides using the owner’s address or payment accounts to pay for the storage and bandwidth, users can also use others’ address or payment account by setting the payment account for the bucket. The owner of payment account need to set the flow rate limit for the bucket before the bucket can be used.
This will lower the barrier for users to use Greenfield since they don’t need to have BNB to pay for the storage and bandwidth and they don’t need to understand the charging mechanism of Greenfield which is quite complex.
It will also provide a possibility for projects to sponsor the storage and bandwidth for their users.
For more details, you can refer to the BEP of the paymaster.
Force Settlement, Freeze and Resume¶
If a user doesn’t deposit for a long time, his previous deposit may be all used up for the stored objects. Greenfield has a forced settlement mechanism to ensure enough funds are secured for further service fees.
There are two configurations, ReserveTime and ForcedSettleTime.
Let’s take an example where the ReserveTime is 7 days and the ForcedSettleTime is 1 day.
If a user wants to store an object at the price of
approximately \(0.1 per month(\)0.00000004/second), he must reserve fees
for 7 days in the buffer balance, which is $0.00000004 * 7 * 86400 =
$0.024192. If the user deposits is $1 initially, the stream payment
record will be as below:
-
CRUD Timestamp: 100;
-
Static Balance: $0.975808;
-
Netflow Rate: -$0.00000004/sec;
-
Buffer Balance: $0.024192.
After 10000 seconds, the dynamic balance of the user will be 0.975808 - 10000 * 0.00000004 = 0.975408.
After 24395200 seconds(approximately 282 days), the dynamic balance of the user will become negative. Users should have some alarms for such events that remind them to supply more funds in time.
If no more funds are supplied and the dynamic balance plus buffer balance is under the forced settlement threshold, the account will be forcibly settled. All payment streams of the account will be closed and the account will be marked as frozen. The download speed for all objects associated with the account or payment account will be downgraded.
If someone deposits BNB tokens into a frozen payment account and the static balance is enough for reserved fees, the account will be resumed automatically (be noted, the deposit is payment deposit, not the general transfer). Usually, the payment account will be “active” quickly. However, if there are many outflows associated to the payment account, the payment account will be queued for resume and handled in the following blocks.
Downgraded service¶
Once the payment accounts run out of BNB, the objects associated with these payment accounts will suffer from a downgraded service of downloading, i.e. the download speed and connection numbers will be limited. Once the fund is transferred to the payment accounts, the service quality can be resumed right away. If the service is not resumed for a long time, it is the SPs’ discretionary decision to clear the data out, in a similar way to how SPs claim to stop services to certain objects. In such a case, the data may be gone from Greenfield completely.
Warning
If users fail to renew their subscription on time, there is a risk of their stored data being permanently deleted.
Trust or Shift¶
In Greenfield, there is trust between the users and the SPs for data download.
Since downloading bandwidth incurs additional fees and the download journal is not completely stored on the Greenfield blockchain, SPs offer an endpoint interface for users to access detailed logs and downloaders’ signatures for download billing. If the users and the SPs cannot agree on the bill, users may just select another Primary SP.
For more tech details, please refer to the stream payment module design.
Gas and Fees¶
This document describes how Greenfield charge fee to different transaction types and the token economics of BNB Greenfield.
Introduction to Gas and Fees¶
In the Cosmos SDK, gas unit is designated to track resource consumption during execution.
On application-specific blockchains such as Greenfield, computational cost of storage is no longer the main factor in determining transaction fees, but rather, it is the incentive mechanism of Greenfield. For instance, creating and deleting a storage object use similar I/O and computational resources, but Greenfield encourages users to delete unused storage objects to optimize storage space, resulting in lower transaction fees.
Greenfield Blockchain has taken a different approach from the gas meter design in Cosmos SDK. Instead, it has redesigned the gashub module to calculate gas consumption based on the type and content of the transaction, rather than just the consumption of storage and computational resources.
Unlike networks like Ethereum, Greenfield transactions do not feature a gas price field. Instead, they consist of a fee and a gas-wanted field. The gas price is inferred during the transaction pre-execution process by fee/gas-wanted, and the transactions are queued based on the gas price, besides that the gas price should not be less than the minimum gas price on Greenfield: 5gwei.
Warning
This means that Greenfield does not refund any excess gas fees to the transaction sender.
Therefore, when constructing transactions, it is important to exercise caution when specifying the fees.
GasHub¶
All transaction types need to register their gas calculation logic to gashub. Currently, four types of calculation logic are supported:
MsgGasParams_FixedType:
type MsgGasParams_FixedType struct {
FixedType *MsgGasParams_FixedGasParams
}
MsgGasParams_GrantType:
type MsgGasParams_GrantType struct {
GrantType *MsgGasParams_DynamicGasParams
}
MsgGasParams_MultiSendType:
type MsgGasParams_MultiSendType struct {
MultiSendType *MsgGasParams_DynamicGasParams
}
MsgGasParams_GrantAllowanceType:
type MsgGasParams_GrantAllowanceType struct {
GrantAllowanceType *MsgGasParams_DynamicGasParams
}
Block Gas Meter¶
ctx.BlockGasMeter() serves as the gas meter designed to monitor and restrict gas consumption per block.
However, certain types of transactions may incur a high cost in Greenfield, leading to significant gas consumption. Consequently, Greenfield refrains from imposing any gas usage constraints on a block. Instead, Greenfield sets a block size limit, preventing blocks from exceeding 1MB in size and mitigating the risk of excessively large blocks.
Info
There is no gas limitation of a block on Greenfield Blockchain.
Fee Table¶
Please note that the gas fee can be updated through governance and may not be immediately reflected in this documentation.
| Msg Type | Gas Used | Gas Price | Expected Fee(assuming BNB $200) |
|---|---|---|---|
| /cosmos.auth.v1beta1.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /cosmos.bank.v1beta1.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /cosmos.consensus.v1.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /cosmos.crisis.v1.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /cosmos.crosschain.v1.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /cosmos.crosschain.v1.MsgUpdateChannelPermissions | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /cosmos.distribution.v1beta1.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /cosmos.gashub.v1beta1.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /cosmos.gov.v1.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /cosmos.mint.v1beta1.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /cosmos.oracle.v1.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /cosmos.slashing.v1beta1.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /cosmos.staking.v1beta1.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /greenfield.bridge.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /greenfield.sp.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /greenfield.payment.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /greenfield.challenge.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /greenfield.permission.MsgUpdateParams | 0 | 5 gwei | $0.00000000 |
| /cosmos.authz.v1beta1.MsgExec | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /cosmos.authz.v1beta1.MsgRevoke | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /cosmos.bank.v1beta1.MsgSend | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /cosmos.distribution.v1beta1.MsgSetWithdrawAddress | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /cosmos.distribution.v1beta1.MsgWithdrawDelegatorReward | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /cosmos.distribution.v1beta1.MsgWithdrawValidatorCommission | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /cosmos.feegrant.v1beta1.MsgRevokeAllowance | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /cosmos.gov.v1.MsgDeposit | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /cosmos.gov.v1.MsgSubmitProposal | 2000000 | 5 gwei | $2.00000000 |
| /cosmos.gov.v1.MsgVote | 2000000 | 5 gwei | $2.00000000 |
| /cosmos.gov.v1.MsgVoteWeighted | 2000000 | 5 gwei | $2.00000000 |
| /cosmos.oracle.v1.MsgClaim | 1000 | 5 gwei | $0.00100000 |
| /cosmos.slashing.v1beta1.MsgUnjail | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /cosmos.staking.v1beta1.MsgBeginRedelegate | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /cosmos.staking.v1beta1.MsgCancelUnbondingDelegation | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /cosmos.staking.v1beta1.MsgCreateValidator | 2000000 | 5 gwei | $2.00000000 |
| /cosmos.staking.v1beta1.MsgDelegate | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /cosmos.staking.v1beta1.MsgEditValidator | 2000000 | 5 gwei | $2.00000000 |
| /cosmos.staking.v1beta1.MsgUndelegate | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.bridge.MsgTransferOut | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.sp.MsgCreateStorageProvider | 2000000 | 5 gwei | $2.00000000 |
| /greenfield.sp.MsgDeposit | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.sp.MsgEditStorageProvider | 2000000 | 5 gwei | $2.00000000 |
| /greenfield.sp.MsgUpdateSpStoragePrice | 2000000 | 5 gwei | $2.00000000 |
| /greenfield.sp.MsgUpdateStorageProviderStatus | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgCreateBucket | 2400 | 5 gwei | $0.00240000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgDeleteBucket | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgMirrorBucket | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgUpdateBucketInfo | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgCreateObject | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgSealObject | 120 | 5 gwei | $0.00012000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgMirrorObject | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgRejectSealObject | 12000 | 5 gwei | $0.01200000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgDeleteObject | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgCopyObject | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgCancelCreateObject | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgUpdateObjectInfo | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgDiscontinueObject | 2400 | 5 gwei | $0.00240000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgDiscontinueBucket | 2400 | 5 gwei | $0.00240000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgCreateGroup | 2400 | 5 gwei | $0.00240000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgDeleteGroup | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgLeaveGroup | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgUpdateGroupMember | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgUpdateGroupExtra | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgRenewGroupMember | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgMirrorGroup | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgPutPolicy | 2400 | 5 gwei | $0.00240000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgDeletePolicy | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgMigrateBucket | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgCancelMigrateBucket | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.storage.MsgCompleteMigrateBucket | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.payment.MsgCreatePaymentAccount | 200000 | 5 gwei | $0.20000000 |
| /greenfield.payment.MsgDeposit | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.payment.MsgWithdraw | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.payment.MsgDisableRefund | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.challenge.MsgSubmit | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.challenge.MsgAttest | 100 | 5 gwei | $0.00010000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgCreateGlobalVirtualGroup | 1000000 | 5 gwei | $1.00000000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgDeleteGlobalVirtualGroup | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgDeposit | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgWithdraw | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgSettle | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgSwapOut | 24000 | 5 gwei | $0.02400000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgCompleteSwapOut | 24000 | 5 gwei | $0.02400000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgCancelSwapOut | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgReserveSwapIn | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgCancelSwapIn | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgCompleteSwapIn | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgStorageProviderExit | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgStorageProviderForcedExit | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgCompleteStorageProviderExit | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| /greenfield.virtualgroup.MsgUpdateParams | 1200 | 5 gwei | $0.00120000 |
| cosmos.authz.v1beta1.MsgGrant | 800 + 800 per item | 5 gwei | $0.0008 per item |
| cosmos.bank.v1beta1.MsgMultiSend | 800 + 800 per item | 5 gwei | $0.0008 per item |
| cosmos.feegrant.v1beta1.MsgGrantAllowance | 800 + 800 per item | 5 gwei | $0.0008 per item |
For more details, you can refer to Greenfield Gas Params.